ITALY CULTURES AND HISTORY

ITALY CULTURES AND HISTORY

ITALY CULTURE Italy is considered the birthplace of Western civilization and a cultural superpower. [1] Italy was the starting point for international influences such as Magna Graecia, Roman Empire, Roman Catholic Church, Romanesque [2] [circular reference], Renaissance, Scientific revolution, [3]. ] Baroque, New Classical, Risorgimento, Fascism [4] and European integration. Throughout history, the nation has produced a tremendous number of remarkable people. Both the inner and outer faces of Western culture were born on the Italian peninsula, regardless of the history of the Christian faith, civil institutions (such as the Senate), philosophy, law, [5] art, science or social customs. and culture. While Italy hosted many well-known and influential civilizations, including the Etruscans, Samnites, and Romans, it hosted colonies from major foreign civilizations such as Phoenician and Greeks, whose influence and culture had a major impact on the peninsula. Etruscan and Samnit cultures flourished in Italy before the emergence of the Roman Republic and conquered and included them. Phoenicians and Greeks established settlements in Italy several centuries before Christ's birth, and especially Greek settlements turned into developing classical civilizations. Greek ruins in southern Italy are perhaps the most magnificent and best-preserved places. For more than 2000 years, Italy has experienced migration and invasions and was divided into many independent states until 1861 until it became a nation state. [6] Due to this relatively late merger and the historical autonomy of the regions that make up the Italian peninsula, many traditions and customs, now recognized as distinctly Italian, can be defined by regions of origin. Despite the political and social isolation of these regions, Italy's contributions to the cultural and historical heritage of Europe and the world are still large. Famous elements of Italian culture are art, music, style and iconic food. The birthplace of opera, [7] and the language of the composer, regardless of the Italian language of the opera, for generations. Popular flavors in drama in Italy have long supported the comedy; The improvisation style known as Commedia dell'arte started in Italy in the mid-16th century [8] and is still practiced today. The famous Ballet dance genre also came from Italy before it was exported to France. The country has several world-famous cities. Rome was the old capital of the Roman Empire and the seat of the Catholic Church Pope. Florence was the heart of the Renaissance, with great achievements in art at the end of the Middle Ages. [9] Other important cities include Turin, the capital of Italy, and now one of the largest automobile engineering centers in the world. Milan is the industrial, financial and fashion capital of Italy. With its complex canal system, Venice attracts tourists from all over the world, especially during the Venice Carnival and Biennial. Naples, which has the largest historical city center in Europe and the oldest continuously active public opera (Teatro di San Carlo) in the world. To date, Italy is home to a large number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (55), [10] [11], and, according to one estimate, the country is home to half of the world's great art treasures. [12] In general, the nation has an estimated 100,000 monuments of any kind (churches, cathedrals, archaeological sites, houses and sculptures). [13] HISTORY(BUİLDİNGS MUSEUMS) Architectural remains from the ancient period in Italy testify to the greatness of past cultures. In Italy, the history of architecture proceeds to the classical Romans, the Etruscans and Greeks are one that started with their ancient styles [16] Later, in the Renaissance era, the Roman period revived and flourished. During the Italian Renaissance, it was customary for architecture students to travel to Rome to study ancient ruins and buildings as an important part of their education. Arch of Constantine is also Rome. The former St. Peter's Church (started about 330 AD) was probably the first important early Christian basilica, a style of church architecture that dominated the early Middle Ages. Old St. Peter stood in place of the existing St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The first important buildings in the Medieval Romanesque style were the churches built in Italy in the 800s. A few outstanding examples of the Byzantine architectural style of the Middle East were also built in Italy. The most famous Byzantine building was built in St. Petersburg. It is the Basilica of Mark. The biggest blooming of Italian architecture took place in the Renaissance period. Filippo Brunelleschi made great contributions to the architectural design with the dome of the Florence Cathedral. Leon Battista Alberti was another early Renaissance architect whose theories and designs had a tremendous impact on later architects. [17] Perhaps the greatest success of the Italian Renaissance architecture was the St. Peter's Basilica, designed by Donato Bramante at the beginning of the 16th century. Andrea Palladio influenced architects in western Europe, with villas and palaces designed in the middle and late 16th century. In the 17th century, the Baroque era produced several outstanding Italian architects, especially known for their churches. The most important architects were Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini. Numerous modern Italian architects such as Renzo Piano are world famous. [18] In the 18th and early 19th century, Italy was influenced by the Neoclassical architectural movement. Everything from villas, palaces, gardens, interiors and art began to rely on Roman and Greek themes, [19] and the buildings had a wide theme on Andrea Palladio's masterpiece, Villa Capra "La Rotonda". EUR in Rome is an excellent example of modern Italian architecture Italian modern and contemporary architecture refers to the architecture in Italy in the 20th and 21st centuries. During the Fascist era, the so-called "Novecento movement" flourished, with figures such as Gio Ponti, Peter ASCHIERI, Giovanni Muzio. This movement was based on the rediscovery of imperial Rome. Marcello Piacentini, who is responsible for the urban transformations of many cities in Italy and recalls the controversial Via della Conciliazione in Rome, designed a kind of "simplified Neoclassicism". (Perfectly shown fascist architecture Euro buildings) followed by the Neoliberty style (Vittorio GREGOTTI and previously seen in his works) Brutalist architecture (BBPR in the Torre Velasca Milan group, Leonardo SAVIOLI and his works Giancarlo De Carlo in Florence by the residence in a Piagentina).